likely that something similar was already present or implied in an underlying Aramaic original.341 There is no straightforward antecedent for ταύτῃ (‘this’) since πέτρα (‘rock’) has not been used previously. The construction must be understood according to sense, which opens up the possibility of various construals. Is ‘this rock’ Peter or Peter’s confession of faith, or is the reference to Jesus himself as now identified in the Petrine confession? The likelihood of these various construals